On the Red Sea, across from Arabia

Africa on a globe, with a dot for Massawa on the Red Sea — Massawa, on the Red Sea.

Massawa is a port on the western shore of the Red Sea, about halfway down, below the highlands. The lowland south of the port is one of the places humanity began. A skull about a million years old was found at Buya, and Lucy, two million years older, a little further south in the Afar. Everyone alive has family who walked out of this part of the world, so when we say welcome to the family we mean it fairly literally.

Massawa, the pearl of the Red Sea

Massawa is where our family is from. It sits on two small islands at the edge of the Red Sea, built from the coral it stands on, and by noon the stone is too hot to lean against. Nobody goes out. Then the light softens, the shutters open, and the town walks down to the water. Fishermen haul their boats up the sand. Children go in fully dressed. Old men set out chairs on the causeway to watch the sun go down behind the mountains, over water that is still warm at midnight. Out past the harbour the Dahlak islands lie flat on the horizon, a hundred of them, and beyond them Arabia. This is what the family talks about when the restaurant is quiet: that hour on the waterfront, and the smell of fish cooking somewhere down the lane.

Palm trees leaning over a quiet sandy beach at Gurgussum, north of Massawa, with the Red Sea flat and blue behind — Gurgussum beach, north of town. Yemen is straight across the water. Photo: David Stanley, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.

The Dahlak islands seen from orbit, dozens of sandy islands ringed with pale turquoise reef in dark blue sea — The Dahlak islands from orbit. NASA, public domain.

Massawa harbour: turquoise water, a ship at the wharf, cranes, and the little railway running along the causeway — The harbour, with the railway on the causeway. Photo: Reinhard Dietrich, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.

Adulis, just down the coast, was the harbour Aksum used to send ivory and gold to Rome and bring in pepper and cardamom from India. For centuries after, the dhows came across from Yemen and Arabia on the monsoon wind with cloth, dates and spices, and went back with pearls, hides and highland coffee. A lot of what is in our berbere first came ashore on that waterfront, where the old spice merchants' houses stand.

Porters on the quay at Massawa in 1939, one carrying a basin on his head, with a loaded boat and ships behind — The quay, 1939. Annemarie Schwarzenbach, Swiss National Library, public domain.

A tea seller in a turban lifting a small cup outside the baggage office on the Massawa waterfront in 1939, with a smiling customer in front — Tea on the waterfront, 1939. Annemarie Schwarzenbach, Swiss National Library, public domain.

Causeways join the islands to the mainland. In the old town the lanes are lined with coral-stone houses, carved wooden balconies and arcades, built by the Ottomans from the 1500s and added to by the Egyptians and the Italians. The Sheikh Hanafi mosque is older still, from the fifteenth century, and the churches are a short walk from it.

Carved wooden balconies on a coral-stone house in Massawa's old town, glowing in low evening sun, with a yellow bicycle leaning on the wall — The balconies at sunset. Photo: Reinhard Dietrich, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.

A sandy lane in Massawa's old town in evening light, with blue doors, a big tree and neighbours sitting outside — Evening in the old town, when the day starts. Photo: Reinhard Dietrich, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.

A whitewashed two-storey house in Massawa's old town with a row of pointed arches along its upper balcony — El-Safi House in the old town. Photo: Reinhard Dietrich, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.

The commissariat building in Massawa in 1918, with pointed arches, wooden balconies and a small dome — The commissariat building in 1918.Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.

An old postcard of the cathedral at Massawa, a white church with a bell tower, from the Italian years — The cathedral, on a postcard from the Italian years. Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.

Asmara, on the plateau

Behind the coast the land climbs. A hundred and fifteen kilometres of hairpins, and a narrow-gauge railway, take you up to Asmara, the capital, more than two kilometres above the sea, where the air is thin and cool and the weather is Melbourne's without the seasons. The Italians laid out the centre in the 1930s and nobody knocked it down, so in the evening people walk the palm-lined avenue past the cinemas and cafés and drink a macchiato standing up. The Orthodox cathedral, the Catholic cathedral, the Great Mosque and the synagogue are a few minutes' walk from one another.

Up on the plateau the tsebhi simmers for hours and the injera takes its time to rise. Down on the coast, in that heat, you cook fast, fish off the boat and kulwha flashed in a pan, and our platter has both.

Map of the coast and highlands around Massawa and Asmara, with Massawa on the coast, Asmara on the plateau, the road between them, and Keren, Nakfa, Barentu, Mendefera, Dekemhare, Adi Keyh, Adulis and the Dahlak islands marked, with Aksum and Mekelle to the south — Massawa, Asmara and the towns around them.

A small steam train crossing a stone viaduct on the mountain railway between Massawa and Asmara, with terraced hills behind — The railway on its way up from the coast. Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.

The Fiat Tagliero petrol station in Asmara, with two long concrete wings cantilevered out like an aeroplane — The Fiat Tagliero, a petrol station with wings.Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.

Harnet Avenue in Asmara in the 1930s, palm trees down the middle, cars and buses, and the cathedral tower behind — Harnet Avenue in the 1930s.Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.

Cinema Impero in Asmara soon after it opened in the 1930s, a tall art deco front with its name in vertical letters — Cinema Impero, new, in the 1930s. Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.

Enda Mariam Orthodox Cathedral in Asmara, a wide stone front with a tall bell tower and mosaic panels, under a blue sky — Enda Mariam, the Orthodox cathedral. Photo: David Stanley, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.

St Joseph's Catholic Cathedral in Asmara, red brick with a tall Lombard bell tower, seen down the avenue — St Joseph's, the Catholic cathedral on the avenue. Photo: Clay Gilliland, CC BY-SA 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.

The Great Mosque of Asmara, a pale stone front with a tall minaret, in bright sun — The Great Mosque, a few minutes' walk from both. Photo: David Stanley, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.

Music, dress and dancing

The music in the restaurant is African and a bit jazzy. Some of it is the Addis Ababa big-band sound of the 1960s and 70s, horns and organ and a swinging drummer, and more of it is what everyone at home grew up on in the 80s and 90s, a singer out front with a keyboard and horns behind: Mahmoud Ahmed, Aster Aweke, Neway Debebe. Nearly every song sits in one of four five-note scales, tizita, the one for longing, among them. They grew out of the church chant Saint Yared wrote down in Aksum in the 500s, and they are cousins of the scales that became the blues on the other side of the Atlantic.

The rest comes from further across the continent, and the song you are most likely to hear is Habib Koité, from Mali, singing "Cigarette A Bana", slow and a little melancholy.

At weddings and holidays the women wear a zuria, a long white cotton dress with a woven border in bright colours, and a light shawl called a netsela, and the men wear white cotton with a netsela over the shoulders. The music comes from the krar, a five- or six-string lyre, and the wata, a one-string fiddle played with a bow, with the kebero drum underneath. Guayla goes round in a slow circle with the shoulders doing the work. Further south the Amhara eskista is faster, with even more of it in the shoulders.

A smiling young woman in a white cotton dress with a bright embroidered border down the front, green beaded earrings and traditional facial markings, on a rooftop at golden hour — The white dress, with its woven border. Photo: Fasika Get, Pexels.

Three young women in white dresses with coloured borders dancing at a community festival, one laughing — Guayla at a community festival. Photo: Kurt Bauschardt, CC BY-SA 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.

A line of musicians in white robes and embroidered sashes playing the one-string masenqo with bows at a Meskel procession — One-string fiddles at a Meskel procession. Photo: Lan Yao, Pexels.

A young man singing as he plays a wooden six-string krar — The krar. Photo: Steve Evans, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.

A drummer in white robes and a white turban playing a large kebero drum slung at his hip, in a crowd at a festival — The kebero.Photo: Abuti Engidashet, Pexels.

Maps: the globe is drawn from Natural Earth data, public domain, with a still by Martin23230, Rei-artur and Sémhur (CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons, recoloured) while it loads; the map of Massawa and Asmara is by NordNordWest (CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons, recoloured and labelled).

Massawa and the Red Sea coast

On the Red Sea, across from Arabia

Massawa, the pearl of the Red Sea

Asmara, on the plateau

Music, dress and dancing

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